This is the comprehensive reference page for all chapters of the Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements website. Please see the individual pages for more information.

If you would like to reference this work, citations are available at the bottom of each page. For further information or to request use of specific graphics, please email your request to customercare@fondriest.com.

Contributing Writers

The following writers have added content to the Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements website:

• Alex Card
• Katie Fitch
• Daniel Kelly
• Christine Kemker
• Kevin Rose

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Hydrology References

Sediment Transport and Deposition References

1. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

2. Gray, J. R., Gylsson, G. D., Turcios, L. M., & Schwarz, G. E. (2000, August). Comparability of Suspended-Sediment Concentration and Total Suspended Solids Data. USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4191. Reston, VA: U S Geological Survey.

3. Langland, M., & Cronin, T. (Eds.). (2003). A Summary Report of Sediment Processes in Chesapeake Bay and Watershed. In Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4123. New Cumberland, PA: U S Geological Survey. Retrieved from http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4123.pdf

4. EPA. (2014, February). Sediments. In Water: Pollution Prevention & Control. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/sediments/

5. Osmond, D.L., D.E. Line, J.A. Gale, R.W. Gannon, C.B. Knott, K.A. Bartenhagen, M.H. Turner, S.W. Coffey, J. Spooner, J. Wells, J.C. Walker, L.L. Hargrove, M.A. Foster, P.D. Robillard, and D.W. Lehning. (1995). Turbidity. In WATERSHEDSS: Water, Soil and Hydro-Environmental Decision Support System, https://www.epa.gov/ceam/watershedss. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=J-jQZYMAAAAJ&citation_for_view=J-jQZYMAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C

6. Perlman, H. (2014, March). Sediment and Suspended Sediment. In The USGS Water Science School. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sediment.html

7. Gao, Q. (2006, November). Correlation of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) Test Methods. In New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Science, Research, and Technology . Retrieved from https://www.nj.gov/dep/dsr/publications/Correlation%20of%20TSS%20and%20SSC%20Test%20Methods_Full%20Report.pdf

8. EPA. (2012, March). What are Suspended and Bedded Sediments (SABS)?. In Water: WARSSS. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/datait/tools/warsss/sabs.cfm

9. EPA. (2012, March). Channel Processes: Suspended Sediment Transport. In Water: Science & Technology. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/datait/tools/warsss/suspend.cfm

10. Czuba, J. A., Magirl, C. S., Czuba, C. R., Grossman, E. E., Curran, C. A., Gendaszek, A. S., & Dinicola, R. S. (2011, August). Comparability of Suspended-Sediment Concentration and Total Suspended Solids DataSediment Load from Major Rivers into Puget Sound and its Adjacent Waters. USGS Fact Sheet 2011–3083. Tacoma, WA: U S Geological Survey.

11. Southard, J. (2006, Fall). 12.090 Introduction to Fluid Motions, Sediment Transport, and Current-Generated Sedimentary Structures, Course Textbook. In MIT Open Courseware: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved from http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-090-introduction-to-fluid-motions-sediment-transport-and-current-generated-sedimentary-structures-fall-2006

12. EPA. (2012, March). Channel Processes: Bedload Transport. In Water: Science & Technology. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/scitech/datait/tools/warsss/bedload.cfm

13. Hickin, E. J. (Ed.). (1995). River Geomorphology. Chichester: Wiley.

14. Fink, J. C. (2005, August). CHAPTER 4 – ESTABLISHING A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS AND TURBIDITY . In The Effects of Urbanization on Baird Creek, Green Bay, WI (Thesis). Retrieved from http://www.uwgb.edu/watershed/fink/Fink_Thesis_Chap4.pdf

15. Hakanson, L. (2005). The relationship between salinity, suspended particulate matter and water clarity in aquatic systems. In Ecological Research. Retrieved from https://esj-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1007/s11284-005-0098-x

16. MDDNR. (n.d.). A Brief Explanation of the Data Available for Viewing. In Eyes on the Bay. Retrieved from https://eyesonthebay.dnr.maryland.gov/eyesonthebay/whatsitmean.cfm

17.NPS (n.d.). Coastal Processes—Sediment Transport and Deposition. In Coastal Processes. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/articles/coastal-processes-sediment-transport-and-deposition.htm

18. McNally, W. H., & Mehta, A. J. (2004, June). Sediment Transport and Deposition in Estuaries (Sample Chapter). In Encyclopedia of Life Support Systesm (EOLSS): Coastal Zones and Estuaries. Retrieved from http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c09/E2-06-01-04.pdf

19. Griffiths, P. G., Hereford, R., & Webb, R. H. (2006, January). Sediment yield and runoff frequency of small drainage basins in the Mojave Desert, California and Nevada. USGS Fact Sheet: Recoverability and Vulnerability of Desert Ecosystems.

20. National Geographic Society. (n.d.). Encyclopedic Entry: Sediment. In National Geographic: Education. Retrieved from http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/sediment/?ar_a=1

21. Rocks: Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary. (n.d.). In Geology.com. Retrieved from http://geology.com/rocks/

22. Geomorphlist (Ed.). (2007, April). Is Geomorphology within Geography or Geology?. In The Association of Polish Geomorphologists. Retrieved from http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~sgp/gw/gggeo/gggeo.html

23. Furukawa, K., Wolanski, E., & Mueller, H. (1996). Currents and Sediment Transport in Mangrove Forests. Mangroves and Salt Marshes, 1(1). SPB Academic Publishing bv, Amsterdam.

24. Kuring, N., & Riebeek, H. (2009, April). Sediment in the Gulf of Mexico. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=38273

25. Washburne, J. (2009). HWR203 Arizona Water Issues (PowerPoint). In Teach the Earth. Retrieved from https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/coursedesign/goalsdb/10573.html

26. Missouri DNR. (2009, January). Chapter 3: Stream Discharge. In Introductory Level Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Training Notebook. Retrieved from http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/wpp/vmqmp/level1-ch3.pdf

27. Crone, T. (2004, November). The Basic Sediment Transport Equations Made Ridiculously Simple. In OCEAN/ESS 410 Marine Geology and Geophysics. Retrieved from http://www.ocean.washington.edu/courses/oc410/reading/sedtrans_2004.pdf

28. Benson, T. (2014, June). Reynolds Number. In NASA Glenn Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/BGH/reynolds.html

29. Michael, V et al. (2016). Estimating the settling velocity of bioclastic sediment using common grain-size analysis techniques. In Sedimentology. Retrieved from https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70179447

30. Whipple, K. (2002). Factors Influencing Hydraulic Roughness. In Surface Processes and Landforms. Retrieved from http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-163-surface-processes-and-landscape-evolution-fall-2004/labs/roughnes_handout.pdf

31. Wilcock, P., Pitlick, J., & Cui, Y. (2009, May). Sediment Transport Primer: Estimating Bed-Material Transport in Gravel-bed Rivers. General Technical Report. Fort Collins, CO. U S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.

32. U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. (2004). Chapter 12: Managing Sediment and Shorelines. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century: Final Report. Retrieved from https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/oceancommission/documents/full_color_rpt/12_chapter12.pdf

33. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 2 – Lakes: Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity in Lakes. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/turbidity.html

34. Murphy, S. (2007, April). General Information on Solids. In City of Boulder: USGS Water Quality Monitoring. Retrieved from http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/NEW/info/TSS.html

35. Zaimes, G., & Emanuel, R. (2006). Stream Processes Part I: Basics. Arizona Watershed Stewardship Guide, Master Watershed Steward. Retrieved from https://cals.arizona.edu/watershedsteward/resources/docs/stream_processes.pdf

36. ADEM Water Quality Branch. (2013, August). TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD (TMDL) for Siltation and Habitat Alteration in the Upper Cahaba River Watershed. Alabama Department of Environmental Management: HUC 03150202.

37. MDEQ. (n.d.). Total Suspended Solids. In Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/wb-npdes-TotalSuspendedSolids_247238_7.pdf

38. Chesapeake Bay Program. (2012). Water Clarity. In The Bay Ecosystem. Retrieved from https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/bayecosystem/waterclarity

39. EPA, NOAA, USACE, & USFWS. (2005, December). Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. United States Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, EPA-540-R-05-012.

40. Palermo, M. R., Schroeder, P. R., Estes, T. J., & Francingues, N. R. (2008, September). Technical Guidelines for Environmental Dredging of Contaminated Sediments. US Army Corps of Engineers: Engineer Research and Development Center, ERDC/EL TR-08-29.

41. Lagasse, P. F., Zevenbergen, L. W., Spitz, W. J., & Arneson, L. A. (2012, April). Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 20: Stream Stability at Highway Structures (Fourth ed.). US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.

42. Arneson, L. A., Zevenbergen, L. W., Lagasse, P. F., & Clopper, P. E. (2012, April). Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18: Evaluating Scour at Bridges (Fifth ed.). US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.

Water Quality References

Algae, Phytoplankton and Chlorophyll References

1. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

2. NOAA. (2014, August). Harmful Algal Blooms. In National Ocean Service. Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/hab

3. Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences. (2014). Plant Identification. In AquaPlant: A Pond Manager Diagnostics Tools. Retrieved from http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/plant-identification

4. Guiry, M. (2014). What are algae?. In The Seaweed Site: information on marine algae. Retrieved from http://www.seaweed.ie/algae/algae.php

5. National Taiwan Museum. (2006). Collection Highlights. In Botany. Retrieved from https://www.ntm.gov.tw/en/collection_166_2221_71648.html

6. Guiry, M. D. (2014). Taxonomy Browser. In Algaebase. Retrieved from http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=86701

7. Washington State Department of Ecology. (2013). General Algae Information. In Freshwater Algae Control Program. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/algae/lakes/algaeinformation.html

8. Chu, A. (2003). Prionitis lanceolata. In Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute: Marine Botany. Retrieved from http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/reds/Aliceweb/taxonomy.html

9. Protist Kingdom. (n.d.). In Council Rock School District. Retrieved from http://www.crsd.org/cms/lib5/PA01000188/Centricity/Domain/344/protist.ppt

10. WHOI. (2014). Phytoplankton. In Ocean Life. Retrieved from http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/phytoplankton

11. Lindsey, R., & Scott, M. (2010, July). What are Phytoplankton?. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Phytoplankton

12. NOAA. (2014, April). What are Phytoplankton?. In National Ocean Service. Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html

13. NOAA (2021). Phytoplankton. In Ocean Facts. Retrieved from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html

14. Todar, K. (2012). Diversity of Metabolism in Procaryotes. In Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved from http://textbookofbacteriology.net/metabolism_6.html

15. Speer, B. R. (1997). Photosynthetic Pigments. In Glossary. Retrieved from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html

16. Walsh, J. C. (n.d.). The Colonial Algae. In Micrographia. Retrieved from http://www.micrographia.com/specbiol/alg/colo/colo0100.htm

17. MarineBio Conservation Society. (2014). Forests of the Sea: Phytoplankton and Marine plants. In MarineBio. Retrieved from http://marinebio.org/oceans/forests

18. University of Kentucky. (2013). Custom Edition Karp: Cell and Molecular Biology 7E. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

19. Delwiche, C. F. (1998). Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria: Proteobacteria. In Photosynthetic Life (Lecture). Retrieved from http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Proteo.html

20. May, P. (n.d.). Chlorophyll. In School of Chemistry. Retrieved from http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/chlorophyll/chlorophyll_h.htm

21. Beskenis, J. (2006). Chlorophyll a and Periphyton Technical Memorandum. In The Connecticut River Watershed. Retrieved from https://www.mass.gov/doc/connecticut-river-basin-2003-water-quality-assessment-report-appendix-e-2003-connecticut-0/download

22. University of Sydney. (2010, August). Scientists discover first new chlorophyll in 60 years. In Cell & Microbiology. Retrieved from https://phys.org/news/2010-08-scientists-chlorophyll-years.html

23. Nave, R. (2008). Pigments for Photosynthesis. In HyperPhysics. Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/pigpho.html

24. 8. Watt, M. K. (2000). A Hydrologic Primer for New Jersey Watershed Management (Water-Resources Investigation Report 00-4140). West Trenton, NJ: U.S. Geological Survey.

25. NOAA. (2013). Ocean Facts. In National Ocean Service. Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/light_travel.html

26. Barber, B. (2014, April). The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Photosynthesis. In eHow. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_5459160_effect-temperature-rate-photosynthesis.html

27. Allen, J. (2001, September). Ultraviolet Radiation: How it Affects Life on Earth. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/UVB

28. Schmidt, L. J. (2000, August). Polynyas, CO2, and Diatoms in the Southern Ocean. In NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Polynyas

29. Jason Education Project at Texas A&M University. (2005, January). Marine Food Web. In Ocean World: Forams. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/tamu.edu/ocean-world/forams/what-is-a-foram

30. NSIDC. (2014). Wildlife: Phytoplankton. In National Snow & Ice Data Center. Retrieved from http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/environment/phytoplankton.html

31. Sarfi, M. (n.d.). The Changing earth and Cyanobacteria; The Oxygen Revolution . In Dr. Ken Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum . Retrieved from http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/stromatolites/OXYGEN.htm

32. American Public Health Assoc., American Water Works Assoc. & Water Environment Federation. (1999). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed.). Baltimore, MD: American Public Health Association.

33. UCSD, Calspace. (2002). The Biological Carbon Pump. In Climate Change: Earth’s Climate System. Retrieved from http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/06_2.shtml

34. Earth Science Communications Team. (2013, July). Graphic: The relentless rise of carbon dioxide. In NASA Global Climate Change. Retrieved from http://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/24

35. Helbling, E. W., Villafane, V., & Holm-Hansen, O. (1994). Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton Photosynthesis with Particular Attention to the Influence of Mixing. In Ultraviolet Radiation in Antarctica: Measurements and Biological Effects. Antarctic Research Series, 62.

36. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Planktonic Communities: Algae and Cyanobacteria. In Limnology (pp. 331–392). book, Academic Press.

37. McManus, M., Woodson, B. (2012). Plankton distribution and ocean dispersal. In the Journal of Experimental Biology. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221854237_Plankton_distribution_and_ocean_dispersal

38. NSIDC. (2013). All About Sea Ice. In National Snow & Ice Data Center. Retrieved from http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/index.html

39. Washington State Department of Ecology. (2013). What are Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria)?. In Algae Control Program. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/algae/publichealth/generalcyanobacteria.html

40. Havens, K. (2013, January). Sampling. In Plankton Web. Retrieved from http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/planktonweb/sampling.htm

41. Schulz, K. (2007, April). Phytoplankton Measuring and Culture Techniques. In Phytoplankton Ecology (Lecture). Retrieved from http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/phytotechniques.doc

42. NHDES. (n.d.) . Description of River Water Quality Parameters. In Department of Environmental Services. Retrieved from http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/vrap/documents/wq-resultsinfo.pdf

43. FWRI. (2014). Red Tide FAQ. In Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved from https://myfwc.com/research/redtide/faq/

44. Sallenave, R. (2011, October). Managing Filamentous Algae in Ponds. In New Mexico State University Water Publications. Retrieved from http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_w/w-103/welcome.html

45. Michigan DNR. (2014). Fish Kills. In Managing Michigan’s Fisheries. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10364_52259-119822–,00.html

46. GLERL. (2022). Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia. In NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Retrieved from https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/HABs_and_Hypoxia/

47. YSI Incorporated. (n.d.). The Basics of Chlorophyll Measurement. In YSI Environmental Tech Note. Retrieved from http://www.ysi.com/media/pdfs/T606-The-Basics-of-Chlorophyll-Measurement.pdf

48. Cocks, M. (n.d.). The spectrum and photosynthesis. In Light and Air. Retrieved from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/photosynthesis/spectrum.htm#middle

49. YSI Incorporated. (2006). YSI 6131 and 6132 Blue-Green Algae Sensors: Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin Sensors. In YSI Sensor Brochure. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/pdf/ysi_6131_6132_spec.pdf

50. Turner Designs. (n.d.). Phycoerythrin and Phycocyanin Optical Kits for the Detection of Cyanobacteria. In Application Note. Retrieved from https://www.comm-tec.com/Prods/mfgs/TurnerDesigns/application_notes_pdf/Phycoerythrin%20and%20Phycocyanin%20for%20Cyanobacteria.pdf

51. NOAA (2016). What is a harmful algal bloom?. Retrieved from https://www.noaa.gov/what-is-harmful-algal-bloom

52. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. (n.d.). 5.1.5 Aquatic biotoxins (Hans Henrik Huss). In FAO Corporate Document Repository: Assessment and Management of Seafood Safety and Quality. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4743e/y4743e0d.htm

53. Red Tides. Beachapedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.beachapedia.org/Red_Tides.htm

Colored Dissolved Organic Matter References

1. Chen, B. “Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM).” Presentation. Retrieved from: http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/CDOM-WHOI_77244.pdf

2. Rochelle-Newall, E. J., Fisher, T. R. (2002). “Chromophoric dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon in Chesapeake Bay.” Study published in Marine Chemistry. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420301000731

3. Wikipedia. “Colored dissolved organic matter.” Website. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter

4. Corbett, C. A. (2007). “Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) Workshop summary.” Reports. Paper 2. Retrieved from http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&context=basgp_report

5. Klug, J. L. (2008). “Complex effects of colored dissolved organic matter on algal growth and community composition.” Abstract. Retrieved from http://zoology.wisc.edu/faculty/ive/past_students/klug.htm

6. “Fulvic Acid Benefits Fulvic Acid: a Substance Vital to Human Health.” Website. Retrieved from http://www.supremefulvic.com/documents/html/fulvic_acid.php

7. Williamson, et al. (2015). “Ecological consequences of long-term browning in lakes.” Study published in Nature Scientific Reports. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/articles/srep18666

8. YSI, Inc. “CDOM-fDOM.” Website. Retrieved from https://www.ysi.com/parameters/more-parameters/cdom-fdom

9. Wikipedia. “Fluorophore.” Website. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorophore

10. PVEducation.org. “Absorption Coefficient.” Website. Retrieved from https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/pn-junctions/absorption-coefficient

11. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). “Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, Third Edition.” Book.

12. Suryaputra, et al. (2015). “Non-conservative behavior of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) within a subterranean estuary.” Study published in Continental Shelf Research. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284014054_Non-conservative_behavior_of_fluorescent_dissolved_organic_matter_FDOM_within_a_subterranean_estuary

13. Kelly, D. (2015). “ORSANCO Works To Track The Complexities Of 981-Mile Ohio River.” News Article. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/news/orsanco-works-to-track-the-complexities-of-981-mile-ohio-river.htm

14. Kelly, D. (2015). “Acoustic Receivers, Glider Aid Life Cycle Study Of Sand Tiger Sharks.” News Article. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/news/acoustic-receivers-glider-aid-life-cycle-study-of-sand-tiger-sharks.htm

15. Gillies, J. (2013). “Florida estuary water too fresh for seagrass after historic rains.” News Article. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/news/florida-estuary-water-fresh-seagrass-historic-rains.htm

16. Bowers, D. G., Brett, H. L. (2008). “The relationship between CDOM and salinity in estuaries: An analytical and graphical solution.” Study published in Journal of Marine Systems. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924796307001261

17. Ferrari, G. M., Dowell, M. D. (1998). “CDOM Absorption Characteristics with Relation to Fluorescence and Salinity in Coastal Areas of the Southern Baltic Sea.” Study published in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771497903097

18. Chen, et al. (2006). “Monitoring turbidity in Tampa Bay using MODIS/Aqua 250-m imagery.” Study published in Remote Sensing of Environment. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425707000041

19. Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation. “Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM).” Website. Retrieved from http://recon.sccf.org/parameters/fdom

20. Watras, et al. (2011). “A temperature compensation method for CDOM fluorescence sensors in freshwater.” Study published in the journal Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. Retrieved from https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4319/lom.2011.9.296

21. Strickland, R. (2006). “Pelagic Food Web.” Presentation. Retrieved from http://courses.washington.edu/ocean101/Lex/Lecture26.pdf

22. Frohne, et al. (2011). “Biogeochemical factors affecting mercury methylation rate in two contaminated floodplain soils.” Study published in the journal Biogeosciences. Retrieved from http://www.biogeosciences.net/9/493/2012/bg-9-493-2012.pdf

23. Voipio, A. (1981). “The Baltic Sea.” Book, page 211. Retrieved from Google Books.

24. Kowalczuk, et al. (2006). “Modeling absorption by CDOM in the Baltic Sea from season, salinity and chlorophyll.” Study published in the journal Marine Chemistry. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420305002549

25. Nelson, N., Siegel, D. (2014). “CDOM In The Global Ocean.” Presentation. Retrieved from http://www.ioccg.org/training/SLS-2014/Siegel_CDOM_Nelson.pdf

26. Kim, J., Kim, G. (2015). “Importance of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) inputs from the deep sea to the euphotic zone: Results from the East (Japan) Sea.” Study published in the journal Marine Chemistry. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420315000043

27. Author unknown. “CDOM.” Website. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/science-library/water-quality/cdom

28. Kalle, V. K. (1949). “Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence.” Book, page 193. Retrieved from Google Books.

29. Bricaud, et al. (1981). “Absorption by dissolved organic matter of the sea (yellow substance) in the UV and visible domains.” Study published in the journal Limnology Oceanography. Retrieved from https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4319/lo.1981.26.1.0043

30. Chen, R. F. (1999). “In situ fluorescence measurements in coastal waters.” Study published in the journal Organic Geochemistry. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014663809900025X

31. Vodacek, et al. (1995). “The use of in situ and airborne fluorescence measurements to determine UV absorption coefficients and DOC concentrations in surface waters.” Study published in the journal Limnology and Oceanography. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.4319/lo.1995.40.2.0411/full

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Methods and Equipment References

Measuring Dissolved Oxygen References

1. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 4 – From the Field to the Lab. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/4oxygen.html

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22. YSI Incorporated. (2008). Pro20 User Manual. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/ysi-pro20.htm

23. Zhang, J., & Song, C. (2008). Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction. PEM Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers; Fundamentals and Applications. Springer.

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Measuring Turbidity, TSS and Water Clarity References

1. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

2. Myre, E., & Shaw, R. (2006, April). The Turbidity Tube: Simple and Accurate Measurement of Turbidity in the Field. In Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://www.cas.umn.edu/assets/pdf/Turbidity%20Tube.pdf

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10. Sovell, L. (2013, December). What is a Secchi tube?. In Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Retrieved from http://www.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/water/water-monitoring-and-reporting/volunteer-water-monitoring/what-is-a-secchi-tube.html

11. Sadar, M. J. (1998). Turbidity Science: Technical Information Series Booklet No. 11. Hach Company. Loveland, CO.

12. Dan Segan. (2018). Status and trend monitoring and evaluation in the Tahoe Basin. Retrieved from https://www.watereducation.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/dan_segan.pdf

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14. Battelle. (1999, June). Test/QA Plan for Verification of On-Line Turbidimeters. In EPA archives. Retrieved from https://archive.epa.gov/nrmrl/archive-etv/web/pdf/01_tp_turbid.pdf

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16. EPA. (2020). Chapter 3. Basic Turbidimeter Design and Concepts. In Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: Turbidity Provisions. N.p.: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/documents/swtr_turbidity_gm_final_508.pdf

17. EPA. (2020). Chapter 3. Turbidity Methods and Measurement. In Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: Turbidity Provisions. N.p.: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/documents/swtr_turbidity_gm_final_508.pdf

18. Anderson, C. W. (2005). Turbidity 6.7. In USGS National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. U S Geological Survey.

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20. ASTM International. (2014, June). ASTM D6855-12 Standard Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Below 5 NTU in Static Mode. In ASTM Standards. Retrieved from http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6855.htm

21. Turner Designs. ( 2012, June). Cyclops Submersible Sensors: User’s Manual (Rev. 2.1.). Sunnyvale, CA: Turner Designs.

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23. PONSEL. (2013, November). 3.3.2 – Turbidity/temperature sensor. In User Manual: ODEON PHOTOPOD ( Ver 5.0.0). Caudan, France: Ponsel Mesure-Groupe Aqualabo.

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25. Washington State Department of Ecology. (1991). Chapter 4 – From the Field to the Lab: Measuring Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity in Lakes and Streams. In A Citizen’s Guide to Understanding and Monitoring Lakes and Streams. Retrieved from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/4tss.html

26. Glysson, G. D., Gray, J. R., & Conge, L. M. (n.d.). Adjustment of Total Suspended Solids Data for Use in Sediment Studies . Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/osw/pubs/ASCEGlysson.pdf

27. Gao, Q. (2006, November). Correlation of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) Test Methods . In New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Science, Research, and Technology . Retrieved from http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/soils/tss%20vs%20ssc%20test%20methods.pdf

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30. Sadar, M. (2005). Introduction to Laser Nephelometry: An Alternative to Conventional Particulate Analysis Methods. Hach Company. Loveland, CO.

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42. Roberts, J. K. (2011, August). Overview of the EPA Office of Water’s Alternate Test Procedure Program (Powerpoint). In National Environmental Monitoring Conference. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/methods/pdfs/methods/methods_swtrules.pdfhttp://nemc.us/docs/2011/presentations/Presentation-RobertsK-OfficeWater-8-15-11-Mon-PM.pdf

43. Mitchell, L. (2009). Mitchell Method M5271. In Determination of Turbidity by Laser Nephelometry (Rev. 1.1). Grand Junction, CO: Leck Mitchell, Ph.D., PE.

44. Mitchell, L. (2009). Mitchell Method M5331. In Determination of Turbidity by LED Nephelometry (Rev. 1.1). Grand Junction, CO: Leck Mitchell, Ph.D., PE.

45. Thermo Fisher Scientific. (2009). User Guide. In Thermo Scientific Orion AQUAfast AQ4500. N.p.: Thermo Scientific. Retrieved from http://www.thermoscientific.com/en/product/orion-aq4500-turbidimeter.html

46. Thermo Orion. (2009). Thermo Scientific Orion Method AQ4500. In Determination of Turbidity by Laser Nephelometry Determination of Turbidity by LED Nephelometry. Beverly, MA: ThermoFisher Scientific.

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50. USGS. (2013, May). Turbidity Parameter Codes and Method Codes. In USGS Water-Quality Information. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chapter6/6.7_contents.html

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52. Campbell Scientific, Inc. (2014, May). OBS-3+ and OBS300 Suspended Solids and Turbidity Monitors. In Instruction Manual. (Rev. 5/14) Retrieved from http://s.campbellsci.com/documents/us/manuals/obs-3+.pdf

53. Miller, R. L., Del Castillo, C. E., & McKee, B. A. (Eds.). (2007). Remote Sensing of Coastal Aquatic Environments: Technologies, Techniques and Applications (Vol. 7). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media.

54. YSI Incorporated. (2001). The YSI Wiped Turbidity Sensor: An Overview of Turbidity, Nephelometry and an Advancement in In Situ Measurement of Turbidity. In YSI Environmental White Paper. Retrieved from https://www.fondriest.com/pdf/ysi_wiped_turbidity.pdf

55. WHO. (n.d.). Fact Sheet 2.33: Turbidity Measurement. In Fact sheets on environmental sanitation. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/emergencies/fs2_33.pdf

56. Myre, E., & Shaw, R. (2006, April). The Turbidity Tube: Simple and Accurate Measurement of Turbidity in the Field. In Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University. Retrieved from http://www.cas.umn.edu/assets/pdf/Turbidity%20Tube.pdf

57. YSI Incorporated. (2012, April). Features, Specifications, and Comparability to YSI 6-Series Sensors. In EXO Water Quality Field Sensors. YSI.

58. Rasmussen, P. P., Gray, J. R., Glysson, G. D., & Ziegler, A. C. (2011). Guidelines and Procedures for Computing Time-Series Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads from In-Stream Turbidity-Sensor and Streamflow Data. InChapter 4 of Book 3, Applications of Hydraulics, Section C, Sediment and Erosion Techniques. Reston, VA: U S Geological Survey. Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm3c4/pdf/TM3C4.pdf

59. YSI Incorporated. (n.d.). YSI 6136-Turbidity Frequently Asked Questions. In 6136 TECHNICAL DOCUMENT. N.p.: YSI.

60. Turner Designs. (n.d.). Application Note: Turbidity Methods and Calibration. In Trilogy Laboratory Fluorometer. Retrieved from http://docs.turnerdesigns.com/t2/doc/appnotes/S-0072.pdf

61. Tai, H., Li, D., Wei, Y., Ma, D., & Ding, Q. (2011). A Simple Temperature Compensation Method for Turbidity Sensor. Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IV, 347. Retrieved from Springer Science + Business Media.

62. Berkcan, E. (2009, December). Temperature compensation method for a turbidity sensor used in an appliance for washing articles (Patent). (Patent No. 5,477,576). General Electric Company. Retrieved from https://patents.google.com/patent/US5477576

63. Corcoran, C. (2012, May). How is the EXO Turbidity Sensor Design Different?. In EXO: Breaking the SONDE Barrier. Retrieved from http://www.exowater.com/blog/2012/05/how-is-the-exo-turbidity-sensor-design-different/